\paperw3360 \margr0\margl0\ATXph16380 \plain \fs20 \f1 \fs22 The social critic and essayist Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) was born in Scotland, studied at Edinburgh University and l
ater moved to London. He wrote articles for the \i Edinburgh Encyclopaedia\i0 and became absorbed in German literature, especially the works of Goethe. In 1848 he wrote \i Past and Present\i0 , which contains outspoken criticism of the new shapers of
BritainÆs social and industrial reality:\par
\par
\i The Working Aristocracy; Mill-owners, Manufacturers, Commanders of Working Men: alas, against them also much shall be brought in accusation; much - and the frees Trade in Corn, total abolition of Tar
iffs, and uttermost æIncrease of ManufacturesÆ and æProsperity of CommerceÆ, will permanently mend no jot of it. The Working Aristocracy must strike into a new path; must understand that money alone is \ATXul1024 not\ATXul0 the representative either of
manÆs success in the world, or of manÆs duties to man; and reform their own selves from top to bottom, if they wish England reformed. England will not be habitable long, unreformed.\i0 \par
